Русский ремесленник

Short glossary is aimed at clarifying the meaning of key terms and concepts associated with the Russian craft and arts and crafts.

General Concepts

• Applied art - an art form, with its own decorative imagery, its own special artistic sense and at the same time serving the needs of everyday people. In the unity of both its substance and specificity. This art is the work performed from a variety of materials (traditional - wood, clay, stone, cloth, glass, metal). The items in the daily lives of people, it plays an important role in the organization of the aesthetic environment. His role in the direct utilitarian service life is gradually decreasing, but expands the scope of spiritual influence on a person, which is based on a meaningful image-building products, decorative amplification, into the design of household items to its role in regulating social behavior.
• Decor (Latin decorare - decorate) - set decorating the subject of ornamental or figurative elements.
• Folklore (English folk wisdom) - in the broadest sense amateur creative people in the field of material and spiritual culture. Art-treated structures, tools, housewares, clothing and fabrics - Fine folklore, folk songs, ditties, laments - musical folklore, fairy tales, epics, byvalschiny, riddles, proverbs, sayings - oral poetry, or poetic folklore.
• Folk art - the type of synthetic art, original work-related rights, representing both the material and spiritual culture. However, oral poetry, music, dance and theater folk art figurative-plastic folk art is a single artistic culture, ie the result of the collective folk art throughout the history of this nation. Folk art is developed on the basis of tradition and continuity.
• Folk master - the media tradition, the media and activist folk art culture.
• Motif - a recurring decorative element ornamental compositions.
• Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - design, built on a rhythmic alternation and orderly arrangement of geometric or figurative elements.
• Pattern - not the fine jewelry surface of the object, structures, decorative effect of the pattern created by a combination of lines, spots of different colors. Rhythmically organized pattern called the ornament.
• Peasant art - the bulk of folk art. Natural environment largely determines the image-plot, composition and color system of peasant art. Relations between the peasants and the environment are imprinted in stable artistic traditions, passed down from generation to generation. Peasant art traditionalist, variability, collectivism. Peasant art was inextricably linked with everyday life, present in work and leisure throughout the life of man.
• Ritual - detailed conditional symbolic action, sanctified by centuries of tradition, including songs, dramatic action, dances, the masks, divination, etc. It draws the most important events of social and family and everyday life, important milestones calendar cycles and economic activity. Rite helped people to communicate and transmit social experience. The ceremony, in contrast to the ritual, is more complicated to build, includes several phases and a longer time.
• Tradition - a deep continuity in folk art, historical and transmitted from generation to generation, traditions, habits and rules.
• Traditional arts and crafts - the established form of organization of artistic work in folk art, based on the collective creativity and trade relations. Creativity in the fishery is regulated by law tradition. In the process of collective creativity techniques are developed, there comes a comprehensive knowledge of the material, improving artistic techniques of processing, developing imaginative artistic language. Crafts associated with everyday life, and develop local cultural traditions. In Russia there are over 250 traditional artistic centers.
• Variation - the law of folk art. Modify, a variety of one and the same motif, theme, plot in folk art.

Mythology

• Amulet (Latin amuletum - pendant, amulet) - item worn by superstitious people on the body as a means of supposedly protected against disease, "the enemy witchcraft", etc.
• Lad - peace, harmony, love, lack of hostility, order, harmony in the dispensation of human existence.
• Mokos (Mokosh) - the ancient Slavic goddess of the earth, fertility, fertility, the mother of a good harvest, mother earth.
• Obereg - mascot, the symbol, the symbolic image of the protective, protective function.
• Pava - a bird with a bushy tail.
• Polkan (Polihan) - image polucheloveka-polukonya (Russian centaur), widely spread in Kargopol clay toys.
• Sirin - bird of paradise-virgin. Coming down from heaven to earth, she charms people with his singing, makes them forget about everything.
• Solar signs - sun signs expressing their ornamentation idea of continuous day and night towards the sun.
• Tree of Life - a symbol of never-ending development, the eternal renewal of the Earth. Tree of life - a living symbol of the unity of the world, linking together the three zones of the universe - the sky, which abides its crown, the land where it grows its trunk, and the kingdom of the underground (roots).
• Yarylo - the ancient Slavic god of fertility, from which "yaritsya" land and all living things; Yarylo associated with fruit-bearing strength of grain-seed.

House

• Golbets - a box in a closet with doors, added from the side boards in the oven throughout its width. This staircase led to hiding. In many northern villages, as well as in the Altai golbets painted colors.
• Gornitza - The front room in a peasant's hut, sometimes located on the second floor. The name comes from the word "mountain", which means "top".
• Eizba - Russian carcass house: the village and to the XVII-XVIII centuries. as urban. In the original meaning - heated room ( "istobka"). The cottage was built of logs, fastened to the crown, sometimes had the ground floor - ground floor.
• Klet' - in the Russian wooden architecture: the felling, simple design, which is formed on the other were crowns of logs. Cage is also called the unheated part of the hut.
• Konyok, kon', knyaz, knyazeyok - in Russian wooden architecture: the completion of a sculpture (in the form of a horse or a bird) a log-ohlupnya, crowning the roof.
• Konik - a broad bench at the door, a job owner of the house. Vertical side board was cut above her often in the form of a horse's head. Conic men usually engaged in domestic chores, so this store was considered a male.
• Kuritza - part of the roof, which is a thin tree trunk with a rhizome, of the form of hook, sometimes decorating. On hooks fit a log with a groove ( "vodotechnik", "vodopusk", "drain - stream").
• Lobovaya doska - plaque covering the transfer of logs to planks of the gable walls of the hut. Usually decorated with carvings.
• Nalychnik - elegant carved framing the windows.
• Ochele (from the "chelo" - the forehead) - figural carved plaque that adorns the top of the window jamb national home. Surface ochelya decorated with fine lace or relief carving, which, along with plant ornamentation carved figures of lions, fantastic birds, Bereginja.
• Polavochniki - shelves of shops along the perimeter inside the hut.
• Polaty - wooden planking, fastened under the ceiling in the rear of the house from the stove to the wall.
• Polotenze - short carving board, covering the joint prichelin.
• Prichelina - in Russian wooden architecture: a carved plaque on the facade of the house, running along the eaves and covering the front ends of podkrovelnyh collapsed.
• Red corner (front, great, holy) - the spiritual center of the hut, facing south-east. There has always been a dining table, hung icons, decorated with woven and embroidered towels. With him were associated with the most significant events in the life of a peasant family.
• Seny - the interior of the hut, located just outside the entrance - porch.
• Srub - structurally related series of logs forming the walls of buildings.
• Schepets - a triangular field under a gable roof.
• Venetz - a single horizontal row of logs in the wooden house, connected to the corners of the mortise.

Life

• Bratina - Russian globular capacious vessel for drinking at banquets vkrugovuyu. In a national household were disseminated copper and wood Bratina.
• Burak - the same as tues.
• Gorodky - carved pommel on spinning wheels.
• Donets (Guznov, podguzok, Kopyl ") - the lower part of the spinning wheel, which sits spinner.
• Endova - large festive dishes in medieval Russia. Had a rounded shape with a wide throat and nose-drain (stigma). In the valleys to the table were offered drinks spilled on charka. Wooden valleys are often cut from the roots, were decorated with colorful paintings.
• Kvasnik - Russian ceramic vessel for storage and bottling kvass, a disk-torso, often with a hole, wide neck, spout and handle. Kvasnikov produced in the Gzhel, known since the end of the XVII century., Decorated with painted, sculpted figures, planted by the neck.
• Konukh - Tver wooden ladle with horse heads.
• Krosno - loom.
• Kudel' - combed and tied bundle of flax or wool ball, designed for spinning.
• Kumgang - a vessel for water and wine, has been known since antiquity. Ceramic Kumgang common in Russia in XVI-XVII centuries. Have a disk-torso, wide leg, and on top - spout, lid and handle. Decorated with relief patterns and painting.
• Podzor - elegant, decorated with embroidery and lace edge veil.
• Rubel - a wooden board with a curved scars on the lower side, designed for riding (iron) underwear.
• Rukoter, utiralnik, nabozhnik - towels names depending on their destination.
• Svetets (from the word "light") - the product of wrought rod, designed to illuminate the room. In the upper part of cresset - holders - insert spill, and she gave light at ignition.
• Sergi - side tabs at the bottom of the blade spinning.
• Skopkar - Russian wood (sometimes metal) bucket in the form of boat with two handles that took the form of the head and tail of birds. Skopkari were distributed in Russia from antiquity to the middle of XIX century.
• Stoyak ( "stolbyk") - leg spinning wheel.
• Tues - birch bark utensils cylindrical shape with a wooden lid.
• Utvar - all movable property in the peasant house.
• Valek - a wooden bar with a slightly concave surface and a handle designed for squeezing out wet clothes.
• Vereteno - carved wooden stick, which pulls the yarn spinner.

Clothes

• Dushegreya (the short, telogreya) - broad-free festive clothes with long sleeves which reached only to the waist. Dushegreya worn in cold weather in the provinces where wore sundresses, made from expensive fabrics - silk, brocade, gathered behind large assemblies.
• Epanechka (dushegreya, whiling away) - breast short swing clothes and keep the straps. Epanechka had a smooth front and rear decked with large folds.
• Kika - a woman's headdress associated with ponevnym set of clothes. Kiki, Kichko were different shapes: horned, kopytoobraznye, spatulate.
• Kokoshnik (from "Kokosh" - rooster) - an old Russian woman's headdress, in the XVI-XVII centuries. current in Boyar environment in XVIII-XIX centuries. - In the peasant and the merchant. In the Russian village kokoshnik served mainly wedding dress. Kokoshniki diverse in design and decoration: the construction of different unicorn - with a pointed or rounded top, head, or kick, - in the form of high-hats; kokoshnik with the tab above the forehead - a saddle. In various provinces of Russia come about different types of innovative features which are decorated with brocade, pearls, beads.
• Kosnikov - adorn the braids girl bands, decorative pendant made of cloth, whirlpool brush.
• Navershnik - festive clothes associated with skirts, tunics, having the form with short wide sleeves.
• Onuchy - long narrow involucre of feet under the bast shoes and boots.
• Povoynik - headdress of a married woman, like a cap. Put it under a ceremonial headdress, a shawl, but could be separated - at home, on field work.
• Povyazka (lenta) - a girl's headdress in the form of strips of cloth (decorated with a brocade or gold thread).
• Policky - inserts on the shoulder shirt (straight and oblique).
• Poneva (ponka) - loin woolen garments worn over a shirt in the southern territories of Russia. Homespun plaid skirt wrapped around the figure, was considered a sign of a married woman.
• Porty (portky) - linen, narrow, reaching to the ankle pants.
• Soroka - a typical headdress southern regions of Russia, consisting of many parts, the main of which - Kichko and forty pozatylney. Kichko - solid foundation, worn on the head, forty - soft cover that covers the base and supplemented by many details. In the name of the magpie laid the image of birds, including details of the hat has wings and tail. Soroka was headdress of married women.
• Zanaveska - apron tunic with sleeves and without them, associated with ponevnym set of clothes.

Types Crafts

• Batik (malaysk.) - a technique of painting fabrics, multi-colored fabric, on which the image is applied by hand. There are hot and cold batik.
• Blown glass - products obtained by free-blowing in the hot state. Decoration blown product is reduced to decorating the surface of molded plastic parts, fusing into the thick glass.
• Castings - Production of metal products by melting and casting into molds, giving casting desired configuration.
• Ceramics (in Greek pottery) - the art of making various products from natural clays, including the finest china. Keramika call themselves products of clay.
• Forging - art-metal while hot using a hammer, one of the most important ways to manufacture products of arts and crafts from the metal.
• Stained Glass (born vitrage - Glazing) - a work of decorative art, made of colored glass or other light emitting material, graphic or ornamental composition, calculated on a transparent light (window, door, transparent partition).
• Tapestry - woven carpet-painting handmade of high artistic quality.

Crafts Technology

• Bel'yo - chiseled or cut out a product that preserves the delicate natural surface of the treated wood.
• Glaze (German) - a thin glassy layer, which cover the surface of ceramic tiles.
• Inlay - jewelry from pieces of different materials (wood, pearl, semi-precious stones), embedded in the surface of the decorated object.
• Kriul - leading stem in khokhloma painting. On both sides of the stem are elements khokhloma herbal ornament: sedge, grass, curls, tendrils, berries.
• Kudrina - khokhloma intricate pattern in the form of lush curls; common technique khokhloma painting.
• Majolica - a kind of pottery, made of colored clay, covered with an opaque enamel on top. Majolica inherent solidity forms, glitter watering, contrasting color combinations.
• Ozhivka - receiving, completing Gorodets painting. The application of the plant elements (flowers, leaves), as well as images of birds, horses with white paint strokes, arcs, points.
• Osochka - one of the elements khokhloma painting, having the form of narrow, sharp blades of grass.
• Poluda - aluminum powder for silver khokhloma dishes.
• Pryanick - khokhloma motif in the form of diamond in the middle of which is the symbol of the sun, but from the angles grow tufts of grass like a scythe. Khokhloma's people this cake is called "kosovik.
• Rosan, kupavka - the main elements Gorodets floral paintings.
• Travka - the main khokhloma floral design.
• Vapa - diluted liquid clay for a primer "underwear", which eliminates cracks, surface defects. The product is covered vapoy acquires the color of clay.