Русский ремесленник

Manufacturing khokhloma

Primed product is dried in an oven, then polished, and its surface was smooth and glossy. After that, several times a mug plastered linseed oil - so steeped in the soil and on the surface it appeared sticky lacquer film. This film easily adheres Poluda - powdered metal. In the old days of tin served as a tin, and now - aluminum, silver, too, easy and cheap material. Rubbing of tin is called tinning. Tinned circle like silver: Poluda uniform layer covered tree, and it seems that the circle of cast metal - it shines with a matte silver glitter. And only now can touch her hand master - dyer. Artists working skillfully and diligently. Conventional their instruments - thin brush, which they often make themselves out of squirrel tails, "lyapushki" and small jars of paint. Thus, silver tin mug painted. Artist - dyer finished its work and has put the last stroke of paint. Well, what about gold? When the flickering cold metallic luster product will play a joyful golden color? This latest mystery lachila are in charge and the oven-builder. Previously painted product is covered by several layers of lacquer, varnish, and then quenched in an oven at a fairly high temperature. And now, lacquered objects manually quenched in an electric furnace at 160 -180 degrees. Modern lachily cover the product of a synthetic yellow paint spray-guns. Under the hardened lacquer film everything that was painted silver becomes gold.

There khokhloma a list of two types. In the first colored ornaments stands on a gold background, the second - on the colored surface has a gold pattern. How come? In the first case is called a horse painting: the artist wrote of tin on top of grass, berries and other motives. After Lacko and tempering Poluda becomes golden and the pattern goes over the gold background. In the second painting complicated, and called it the background. Designer black or red paint to draw outlines of the future of tin gold pattern - Kudrin, berries, leaves, fish. Then the same color paints the rest of the surface. It turns silvery pattern on a color-black or red background. The wizard then makes a postscript - yellow, green, black if the background red, and red, if the background is black, the paint is applied fine grass, beads, berries, leaves on the background. After Lacko and tempering and get a gold pattern on a colored background. Now you know how many skilled craftsmen spared his diligence, ingenuity, artistic flair to the creation of simple and unusual khokhloma woodwork. Here and turners, and gruntovschiki, and tinkers, and dyers, and lachily, and stove. And every job is important and responsible, because each step depends on the quality of the made object.

Legend about the origin khokhloma

More recently in the villages of Nizhniy Novgorod region, one could hear the legend about how the land came to the Volga "Khokhloma" and where it took its fiery colors. They say he lived in the old days in Moscow, the master icon painter. King thought very highly of his skill and generously rewarded for his trouble. He loved to master their craft, but most of all he loved his freedom and life so once secretly left the royal court and moved to the deaf Kerzhensky forests. He cut down his house and began to engage in the same thing. He dreamed of such art, which would be a mother to all, as a simple Russian song, and to reflect the beauty of his native land. So it appeared the first khokhloma cups, decorated with lush flowers and slender branches. The fame of the great master spread throughout the land.
Everywhere people came to admire his skill. Many huts were cut here and settled nearby. Finally, came the glory of the master and to the formidable emperor, and he commanded the detachment of musketeers to find the fugitive and lead. But faster musketeer legs flew popular rumor. Learned master of his trouble, gathered the villagers and they revealed the secrets of their craft. And in the morning, when they entered the village of the king's messengers, they saw everything as a bright flame burning hut wonder artist. Burned hut, and the master himself as neither sought, never found. Only stayed on the ground his colors, which seemed absorbed heat of the flames and ashes of the rabble. Disappeared master, but his skill has not disappeared, and until now a bright flame burning khokhloma paint, recalling all the happiness and freedom, and the heat of love for people, and the thirst for beauty. Presumably, there was a simple wizard brush - a brush of the sun.
Such is the legend. They say its always a little bit differently, and every inquisitive can read it in the collections of legends and tales of the Nizhniy Novgorod region. As with any legend, it has many fancy, but it's true that the great skill and great art are saved only when passed from hand to hand, from master to apprentice. So what happened to "Hohloma."

Semenovskaya and koverninskaya Khokhloma

At the beginning of XX century farmers often buy made in factories porcelain, earthenware and glassware. We khokhloma masters fewer buyers. And besides, "thinned the surrounding forests for centuries are being cut down for household needs and craft projects. Wizards create products with less and less, painting became cruder and simpler. But how could prevent killing is an art, so fully and vividly reflected the soul the people who created it? dye used to belong to either the master, who has worked with members of his family and hired students and apprentices, or the buyer-. painters toiled for 16 - 18 hours a day, from early morning until late evening. They wrote mostly men and the boys learned to dyeing to ten years. In the same house where they worked, boiled linseed oil, dried painted items cooked on the fire "of tin." In 1918, in Semenov opened a school of art processing of wood, in which teachers have experienced turners and painters, who were drawn from villages Koverninskogo area.
Professional artist George Petrovich Matveev headed to school. Training of new masters of painting lasted for three years. Initially, they had a long and patiently repeated samples, purposely made for this purpose the best khokhloma artists. The students had "put his hand" - to achieve accuracy and speed in fulfilling herbal patterns, round "background letters. Only then trust them to devise ornaments and decorate their items. Great help was created Matveyev in Semenov handicrafts museum. Here future dyers acquainted with the best works of nameless masters of past ages and modern well-known artists. In the museum they could find and most udavshiesya of their classmates. In the villages Koverninskogo area still existed master homeworkers, they received orders the gang, and painted glassware and furniture at home. There was a long time special schools, vocational education: the students were recruited skills under the supervision of elders.
Perhaps that is why today we are talking about two schools of painting - and Semyonovsky koverninskoy (Seminskii) Khokhloma. Kovernintsy like carpal-free swabs, picturesque herbal ornaments. The villagers, they often write grants fields and forests, in their patterns of direct observation and a lot of manpower. Semenovtsi - Virtuosi graceful lines and sophisticated ornaments. Their work is usually intricate Kudrin and often new to the fishing grounds: the ears, birds, butterflies, fish.