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Techniques khokhloma painting

You probably already noticed the main feature khokhloma painting: the artist never draw the contours in advance of clear patterns. Even the portrayal of small parts, which need a very thin line, bar, immediately becomes a soft brush. Therefore, all lines in the paintings made without the prior drawing, - a colorful brush strokes, they are light and mobile.

This painting directly from the hand brush and bare florid khokhloma herbs, soft outlines of petals and leaves. It should be a very great skill, precision hands and eyes in order to thin brush to these graceful lines and streaks, to write some very complex drawing patterns. Therefore, in the works of students often blurry and rough edges, some awkward bends. To achieve the accuracy of the line, they draw first on a piece of glass: it is easier to fix the work, erasing unsuccessful.

But khokhloma masters work not only with a brush. Look closely at the ornament "rain" - often star-daisies, arranged in a circle. He suffered for a product template.

Templates, or stamp referred to a special technical device that helps to impress always the same pattern. This pattern is carved on the surface of the printing stamp made of wood or felt.

"Tychkov" or "lyapushkoy" called khokhloma artists piece of wool, wrapped around a stick, or a mushroom-raincoat. Dipping "poke" in the paint, causing a pea-berries, the basis of a flower, transparent spiral.

In the old products stencil stamped squares, rhombs, and other geometric shapes. Stamp was indispensable when a short time I had to paint a lot of products.

The most common willow ornament "rain" is usually placed on the inner surface of spoons, which in olden times did much.

Now you know the techniques khokhloma painting - drawing by hand with a brush and screen drawing. They are executed with oil paint.

Contemporary artists are often at exhibitions show their skills, the process, before the eyes of admiring spectators raspisyvaya items.

The origin of gold khokhloma
Art khokhloma painting was born a long time. You probably know yourself, why it is so difficult to say when, in what century it happened, because tree - short-lived material. Masters painted everyday objects - furniture, dishes, utensils. Nobody treated them as works of art, but always appreciated their beauty and elegance.
Inculcated utensils replaced by new, so the time has come to our little old "khokhloma" and it is carefully stored in public museums - art, history, local history. The oldest of them - about two hundred years.
The creators of these subjects - peasants beyond the Volga village of Nizhny Novgorod province, selivshiesya among the dense forests along the banks of Kerzhents, Vetluga and other small tributaries of the Volga.
Volga peasants - and those that lived in the "mountains" - on the high right bank, and those that "forests", "long engaged in various crafts. Volga from time immemorial has been the main commercial river in Russia, it connects the northern and southern parts of the country.
In populous and wealthy Volga fair brought goods down the river merchants from all over the Russian land, came to foreign guests. So Volga men hunted, it is doing things for sale, which could easily sell at markets and fairs.
Gradually, needlework, craft became principal of farmers in many villages, they have not engaged in arable farming, and worked from morning to evening in the workshops - turning, dyeing, lozhkarnyah.
The peasants of this area Gorodetskogo painted wooden toys and utensils, patterned stuffed cloth, made gingerbread printed; peasants current Koverninskogo area famous for its wooden utensils. In some villages dishes grinds on lathes, while others - painted.

Initially, farmers were selling their own products, but it took precious time, so shortly after buying their steel buyers: neraspisannye, "white" products are resold painters, ready-made items were being taken to warehouses and then - for sale in the trading villages and towns. Khokhloma - great ancient trading village in the former province of Nizhny Novgorod.

In Khokhloma were dye, warehouses and trade stalls, which sold on carts brought in beautiful woven from bast-boxes pletyuhah "khokhloma product - smart golden bowl, spoon, stand, cup and barge haulers Bratina - spherical vessels with a wide-open corolla-throat .

This village, as you guessed, gave name to the whole fishery.

Khokhloma products sold in the bazaars and Gorodets, and the most populous Fair Russia - Makarevsky, located at the walls Macarius Monastery near Nizhny Novgorod. At the end of XIX century Makarevskaya fair was moved to this city and became known as the Nizhniy Novgorod.

Polyphony motley Fair greeted guests barker shouting, disputes with the bankers, songs and music, gypsy choirs. Whirling carousels, and in booths with bright signs were artists. Evenings at the flowers and ribbons adorned boats, accompanied by dressed in red shirts rowers merchants rolled on the Volga. At the piers were filled with colorful sails and flags of the Volga Court, which then changed ships with color and discordant trumpets.

This up and down the Volga, was selling "Hohloma" in the countryside, villages and cities of Russia, reaching out to Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, India, went to Europe. In the late XIX and early XX century khokhloma fishing earned worldwide fame. Products Russian masters bought in Romania, Bulgaria, Norway, France, and they sail to the shores of America, Africa and Australia.

Khokhloma objects, smart and cheap, can be found in a farmhouse, and the home craftsman and trader middling, and in uncomplicated treasury soldiers and boatmen. The beauty of these simple products rated artists, scientists, they began to buy the townspeople.

In a specially arranged for the townspeople shops selling children's bowls, cereal bowls, mugs, glasses, solonitsy, sugar bowls, scoops for flour, vases, and stools, chairs, cabinets, and entire sets of furniture. These products were shown at national and global art industry exhibitions, artists awarded honorary diplomas, medals and gifts.

Mystery khokhloma gold

Russia - a country of forests. Here, from a tree cut down and huts and mansions of the rich. Hot, burning logs in the oven and inserted in Svetets splinter warmed and illuminated the hut. Sani, sleigh, wood-sledge, cart - uncomplicated transportation, canoes, boat, boats, boots and other river vessels - all made of wood.

The most ancient Russian letters - birch bark letters, written on pieces of birch bark, and the most familiar in the past, peasant shoes - shoes, woven from the inner part of the concoction of willow bark - bast, wood furniture, glassware, household utensils, toys - all spoke about the great role of forests in life of Russian people.

Rich forests Zavolzhie especially famous for wood craftsmen. At all times of aspen and lime are easy to manufacture and durable dishes.

A tree cut down and hewing with axes, cut to small churbaki-thumbs, Tesla hollowed depth of objects, and the rest gradually completed with a knife. We spoons, created with hand tools, often not quite the correct form - on the surface you can see the bump, dents, handle - faceted. All this - the traces of the cutter, each of his spoon - only, none of them in exactly the same to another.

Dishes and grinds on a lathe. The machine was a manual, water or set in motion by a horse. Modern lathes - electric.

We dishes, made on a lathe, is flat and smooth surface, geometrically correct shape. Each carved turner spoon in form exactly like another.

Tokar much needed wit, keen eye and steady hand, because all the work he performs his during rotation of the object. First he lays down in the machine screw on one's thumbs, then inserting machine, metal cutter removes from it all too much to get out of rough wooden bar pretty thin-walled and rounded shape.

Simple bowls, cups, postavtsy be carved each trained turner. More complex forms - pots, ducks, roosters buckets grinds every artist, and the artist-craftsman, a man who felt the laws of construction, all right, beautiful form.

Carved products with gentle, slightly pinkish surface of the treated wood called "underwear".

Despite the fact that khokhloma objects made of wood, it has never seen a gold surface or patterns on a colored background articles cast a soft metallic sheen.
Gold - noble beautiful material - is rare in nature and therefore highly valued. This - the precious metal. Because gold is in a very long time to create jewelry and tableware. In Russia it was served at royal feasts of the rich and noble feasts. In addition, the melted gold leaf or painted painted, usually red, dishes.

Leaf is called a very thin sheets of metal, which are carefully glued to a pre-selected sites, and creation - the fine gold powder, dissolved in a special solution. It was applied as a paint brush. These techniques were known icon painters and miniature - masters, decorated with colorful pictures and ornaments, hand-written books. Objects and icons, gold-plated thus were cheaper made entirely of gold.

Masters-icon-painters invented another way of "cheap" gilding: they covered the linseed oil - boiled linseed oil - sheets of silver and silver powder, glued to the surface of the icon. Yellow dried varnish film on the silver was very similar to gold. Peasants have become masters of linseed oil to cover not silver, and tin-silver, often occurring metal. So it appeared on the table a golden Hohloma peasant dishes.

Initially, khokhloma bratinok golden bowls and made a crown and shoulders. The object was covered with black or red paint, and at this writing lush colored background flowers, the petals are white outlined the bar ozhivkami.

Gold, red and black - a combination of colors can be found on many ancient objects of applied art and works of folk artists.

For "khokhloma" These colors are especially important: red gives warmth and softness of the artificial gold and black enhances its radiance. In addition, the round surface of objects do not have sharp contours and scatter light.

So, now you know the secret khokhloma gold.