Русский ремесленник

alt Ceramics (al-Greek. - clay) - products of inorganic, nonmetallic materials (eg, clay) and their mixtures with mineral supplements, manufactured under high temperature and then cooled.

In the narrow sense of the word refers to pottery clay, fired past. However, the modern use of the term extends its meaning to include all inorganic non-metallic materials. Ceramic materials can be transparent or partially transparent structure, may occur from glass (see Glass-ceramic). The earliest pottery was used as utensils of clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently ceramics used as an industrial material (engineering, instrument, aviation and others) as a building material, art, as a material widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials have been created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.

History
Historically, ceramics were solid, porous and brittle. The study of ceramics leads to the development of new and innovative methods to address these problems, focusing on strengths of materials, as well as unusual in their use.
Pottery has been known since ancient times and is perhaps the first man-material. Time of appearance of pottery belongs to the era of Mesolithic and Neolithic. Various types of ceramics are terracotta, majolica, faience, stone weight, Porcelain, Glass-ceramic.
Based on the origin of the word refers to ceramics such products, for which the clay (in the case of kaolin), mixed with feldspar, quartz or lime, is a main raw material. These precursors are mixed and processed into a mass that is either by hand or on the turntable molded and then baked.
Certain types of ceramics were formed gradually with the improvement of production processes, varying depending on the educational properties of the crock and glow hot. Most of them are retained to this day. The earliest form - is an ordinary product with an earthy pottery, colored and porous shards. This is a typical home or ceramic ware, which in many ways ennobled - Stamping and engraving (eg, Bucchero nero), with facing a thin layer (the Greek and Roman pottery Terra - sigillata), colored glaze ( «Gafnerkeramika» Renaissance). Initially ceramic mold by hand. The invention of the potter's wheel in the third millennium BC, it was a great advance, which allowed to produce dishes with thinner walls.
By the end of the XVI century ceramics goes to Europe majolica. With shards of porous iron and lime, but the mass of white porcelain or clay tile, it is covered with two glazes: opaque, with the contents of tin, and lead a transparent shiny glaze. Majolica come from countries beyond the Alps called faience. Decor wrote on majolica glaze on the wet before burn the product at a temperature of about 1000 ° C. Paints murals were taken of the same chemical composition as the glaze, but they were an essential part of the metal oxides that can withstand high temperature (so-called fireproof paint - blue, green, yellow and purple). Starting from the XVIII century, began to apply the so-called muffle colors, which were applied to the baked glaze. With their help, especially on porcelain, achieve high results.
In the XVI century in Germany, distributed production of stone ware. White (eg, in Siegburg) or colored (for example, in Rehren) is very tight pot consists of clay mixed with feldspar and other substances. Firing at a temperature of 1200-1280 ° C, stone ware very hard and virtually non-porous. In Holland, on the model of Chinese ceramics, it began to produce red, and the same feature detects stone utensils Boettger.
Stone ware also originally from Wedgwood in England. Thin as a special kind of earthenware pottery is born in England in the first half of XVIII century with a white porous crocks, covered with a white glaze same. It depends on the strength of crock is divided into soft thin pottery with a high content of lime, middle - the lower its content and solid - entirely without mortar. This last composition and strength often resembles a stone crock or porcelain dishes.
Widely used in the construction of cement - one of the types of ceramics, which serve as raw material for clay and limestone mixed with water.

Origin of Ceramics in Russia

alt

Pottery has been known since ancient times and is perhaps the first man-material. Russia in the field of ceramics with dignity occupies a leading place in the world, despite the fact that in the international literature the question of the origin of the porcelain and ceramic production is often diminished. For example, the emergence of black pottery archaeologically proven that already in the 3 rd millennium BC. e. black polished pottery used in ritual and ceremonial purposes. Significant damage to the development of ceramics in Russia has caused only one of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, which destroyed many achievements Russian potters IX-XII centuries. For example, disappeared two-handled pots, amphorae, vertical lighting, more simple was the ornament, the art of cloisonne enamel, glaze (the most simple - yellow, survived only in Novgorod).
Only in the XV century continued development of ceramics in Russia. In Russia and in the present, especially in rural areas, each ceramic vessel is indispensable. Food in ceramic pots, most flavorful and stored for a long time.
Manufacture of ceramic pots on a pottery wheel represented and of special interest. So-called Kvasnikov (vessels for the cabbage, wash, beer, yeast or fruit Kvasov) appeared in Moscow in the nineteenth century.

Transparent ceramics
Historically, ceramic materials are opaque because of the peculiarities of their structure. However, the sintering of nanometer-sized particles enable a transparent ceramic material having properties (range of operating wavelengths, dispersion, refractive index), lie outside the standard range of values for optical glasses.

alt

Technological scheme of production of ceramic tiles includes the following main phases:
1. Preparation of slurry;
2. Forming products;
3. Drying;
4. Preparation of glazes and glazing (enamel);
5. Firing.
Raw materials for ceramic body is divided into plastic (clay and kaolin) and neplastichnoe. Additives fireclay and quartz reduce product shrinkage and the possibility of cracking at the stage of molding. As a glass-use red lead, borax.

Preparation of slurry
Preparation of slurry is in three phases:
1. Phase I: milling feldspar and sand (grinding is carried out from 10 to 12 hours);
2. To prepare the second phase comes first and added clay;
3. To prepare the third phase of the second phase is taken and added kaolin. Then the already prepared slurry is discharged into a container and soak.
Transportation of raw stock is done by the loader to a hopper. Where is sent on a conveyor belt or in a ball mill (for grinding), or in turborastvoriteli (for the dissolution of clays and kaolin)

Land for the preparation of the glaze
In the composition of the glaze is finely divided zircon, chalk, whiting in one of these tanks (defined as a technologist) is loaded ready to glaze. It passed through a vibrating and magnitnouloviteli 5 times to remove metal impurities. Without it, you can not use glaze in production, owing to the occurrence of defects during production. After these operations, adding glue and glaze goes on line.

alt

Before molding slurry is loaded into one of the tanks. The three tanks are used alternately (changing about once a day) for a particular stand. Form of pre-cleaned from the remnants of impurities after the previous molding, processed shlikernoy water and left overnight to dry.
The morning shift foundry floods slurry in dried form. The forms are designed for 80 fills. When mold is used filler method. The loss of impurities due to the removal of water is compensated by its periodic top up.
After solidification products remains slurry merge in dvenadtsatikubovuyu capacity and are reused. Products are left to dry. Workers spend piercing holes. During this period, made primary culling (cracks, deformations).

Manual processing of products
After products are received in the shop manual processing, where workers spend wiper products. Wages of these workers depends on the number of processed products without defects. For products with defects in workers' wages are not supposed to.
After glazing the product goes on the conveyor belt to the furnace. It was equipped with a module pre-drying chamber and blowing dust control. Furnace conveyor manually loaded and unloaded manually. Heat treatment is carried out at a temperature of 1,230 degrees, the length of the furnace is about 89 meters. The cycle from loading to unloading the truck is about one and a half days. In the furnace products are of the order of the day.
After the furnace to sort. That is, the division into groups of similar products, the identification of defects. If defects are eliminated, they are sent back for revision and are removed manually (site restoration). Otherwise, the product are discarding.

Packaging
If the product up to standard, then it goes directly to packaging